Neurypnology Chapter VI

Neurypnology Chapter VI

I have no doubt that some of the views already advanced, and the facts on which they are grounded, have appeared startling to many of my readers, and I feel assured the subject to be discussed in the following NEURYPNOLOGY CHAPTER must be still more so; namely, that during hypnotism, we acquire the power, through the nerves of common sensation, of rousing any sentiment, feeling, passion, or emotion, and any mental manifestation, according to our mode of manipulating the patient. This is what has been designated phreno-magnetism by the discoverers of these curious phenomena, but which, in accordance with my nomenclature, I shall designate phreno-hypnotism. It appears with this, as with many other discoveries that similar investigations were going forward at the same time in England and America, while the discoverers were without the knowledge of each other's views or proceedings, and that the results of their experiments led all parties to form analogous conclusions.

It must be evident to every one who reflects deeply and dispassionately on the subject, that if we really can thus acquire such power as to rouse into great activity any faculty or propensity, whilst we diminish the activity of antagonist faculties, we must thereby acquire an important power for meliorating the moral, intellectual, and physical condition of man. I shall have no difficulty in adducing sufficient proof, that the human mind can be so developed and acted on through the bodily organs; but, before entering into a detail of the modes of doing so, I shall endeavour to remove a prejudice against the discussion of this subject, which has arisen from the unhappy circumstance that some of those who promulgated this doctrine have professed a belief in materialism. Such an avowal was indeed calculated to excite, not the prejudices, but the sound principles, of Christian society in general against the reception or dispassionate consideration of the facts on which it rested. For my own part, I can see nothing in the subject to warrant such conclusions as the materialists have avowed; and truth is not to be rejected, because misguided men attempt to build upon it a hollow and unseemly superstructure. The following are my views of the relation which subsists betwixt mind and matter:- I look upon the brain simply as the organ of the mind, and the bodily organs as the instruments for upholding the integrity of the bodily frame, and for acquiring and extending its communion with external nature in our present state of existence. That the mind acts on matter, and is acted on by matter, according to the quality and quantity, and relative disposition of cerebral development. This, however, does not imply, that mind is a mere attribute of matter. [Footnote: "A few sounds acting on the tympanum of the ear, or a few black and small figures scribbled on a piece of white paper (see Mr Renuell's pamphlet) have been known to knock a man down as effectually as a sledge hammer, and to deprive him not only of vision, but even of life. Here, then, we have instances of mind acting upon matter, and I by no means affirm that matter does not also act upon mind; for to those who advocate the intimate connection between body and mind, these reciprocities of action are easily reconcileable; but this will be an insuperable difficulty to those who affirm the identity of mind and body." Again, "This intimate union between body and mind is, in fact, analogous to all that we see, and feel, and comprehend. Thus, we observe that the material stimuli of alcohol, or of opium, act upon the mind through the body, and that the moral stimuli of love, or of anger, act upon the body through the mind: these are reciprocities of action that establish the principle of connection between the two, but are fatal to that of an identity." - "Does not every passion of the mind act directly, primarily, and, as it were, per se upon the body, with greater or with lesser influence in proportion to their force? Does not the activity belong on this occasion to the mind, and the mere passiveness to the body? Does not the quickened circulation follow the anger, the start the surprise, and the swoon the sorrow? Do not these instances, and a thousand others, clearly convince us that priority of action here belongs to the mind, and not to the body? and those who deny this, are reduced to the ridiculous absurdity of attempting to prove that a man is frightened because he runs away, not that he runs away because be is frightened, and that the motion produces the terror, not the terror the motion." - Colton's Lacon. The same author also urges the argument effectively by an appeal to the fact of mania being so frequently produced by moral causes, and the success which has attended the treatment of the insane by strict attention to moral management.] My thinking and willing, and acting, so as to influence the mental and bodily condition of another, surely does not destroy our separate individuality? As well might we say, that the refined compositions of a Mozart or Beethoven, which were conveyed to the ears of their delighted auditors through different instruments, were created by the thought and will of the instruments.

It appears to me quite clear, that the musician might conceive, and compose, and record every idea, whilst others could have no conception of their nature or merits, unless communicated through an appropriate instrument or instruments. The musician and instrument, therefore, are distinct in their nature, is the soul and the bodily organs are essentially distinct from each other.

I shall endeavour to illustrate my views by the following simile. Suppose the instrument is good, and well fitted for expressing musical composition, it is evident, that it will better convey the beauties of the composition, than if represented by a bad or indifferent instrument; and will also afford more delight, and satisfaction, and encouragement to the farther exertions of the composer, than if performed on a bad instrument. Just so the mind furnished with a well developed brain. Supposing the musical instrument is very perfect in some parts, but very imperfect in others, it is evident, that the musician can afford more pleasure to others, as well as more satisfaction to himself, by playing on the more perfect parts. Then, supposing the parts played on capable of becoming improved, by being so exercised, (which is the case with several instruments, as the violin,) it is clear, that there will be greater and greater inducement for the musician to confine himself to the better parts of the instrument, and thus, by concentrating his whole energies to these points, be will more and more enamour himself, as well as his auditors, by the perfection of his performances.

This is exactly what I conceive takes place in reference to the brain, supposing different parts to be appropriated as the instruments for the manifestation of different mental functions. Every part of the human frame is continually undergoing the process of waste and repair - that is to say, the molecular particles of the various organs are continually changing, and moderate exercise tends to increased development and power, whilst inaction has the opposite tendency. This no one will deny. The analogy, therefore, is complete. The soul or mind, by being exercised judiciously in a particular direction, strengthens some peculiar organ, and acquires precision from habit, which gives a tendency to perseverance in the same course of action; and, by refraining from certain practices, the corresponding organs become feeble, and thus exercise a less powerful influence on the mind. Thus we can account for the power of habit, both physical and mental, each tending to strengthen the other by correct training; and it is on this principle that we can hope to meliorate the condition of the vicious members of society, by separating them from bad companions and practices, and encouraging them in the exercise of virtuous habits.

Moreover, the mind of the musician may conceive and excite into activity the corresponding organs of the brain; these may react on his corporeal organs, and excite into activity the silent lyre; all these links of intercommunication may be perfected, without conveying any corresponding feeling or emotion to the minds of others, unless they are provided with appropriate recipient organs (musical ears) for conveying to their brains certain vibrations, and thus inducing in corresponding parts of their brains such condition as may awaken in their minds certain associations of ideas, and manifest the peculiar emotions which arise from them. It is not enough that we have part of this concatenation complete; the whole must be complete, or the results cannot be perfect. [Footnote: Some time after I had written the above, I had the satisfaction to meet with a somewhat analogous illustration from the pen of the late celebrated Dr John Armstrong, which I now quote from his work on Fever, p. 418 :- "It will have been perceived, that I consider insanity as the effect of some disorder in the circulation, whether produced by agencies of a corporeal or mental nature. It might be shewn by familiar facts, that the brain is the principal organ through which the operations of the mind are performed; and it does not, as many have supposed, necessarily involve the doctrine of materialism to affirm, that certain disorders of that organ are capable of disturbing those operations. If the most skilful musician in the world were placed before an unstrung or broken instrument, he could not produce the harmony which he was accustomed to do when that instrument was perfect, nay, on the contrary, the sounds would be discordant; and yet it would be manifestly most illogical to conclude, from such an effect, that the powers of the musician were impaired, since they merely appeared to be so from the imperfection of the instrument. Now what the instrument is to the musician, the brain may be to the mind, for ought we know to the contrary; and to pursue the figure, as the musician has an existence distinct from that of the instrument, so the mind may have an existence distinct from that of the brain; for in truth we have no proof whatever of mind being a property dependent upon any arrangement of matter. We perceive, indeed, the properties of matter wonderfully modified in the various things of the universe, which strike our senses with the force of their sublimity or beauty; but in all these we recognize certain radical and common properties, that bear no conceivable relation to those mysterious capacities of thought and of feeling, referable to that something which, to designate and distinguish from matter, we term mind. In this way, I conceive, the common sense of mankind has made the distinction which every where obtains between mind and matter, for it is natural to conclude, that the essence of mind may be distinct from the essence of matter, as the operations of the one are so distinct from the properties of the other. But when we say that mind is immaterial, we only mean, that it has not the properties of matter; for the consciousness which informs us of the operations, does not reveal the abstract nature of mind, neither do the properties reveal the essence of matter. When any one, therefore, asserts the materiality of mind, he presupposes, that the phenomena of matter clearly shew the real cause of mind, which, as they do not, he unphilosophically places his argument on an assumption. And his ground of reasoning is equally gratuitous, when he contends that mind is an attribute of matter, because it is never known to operate but in conjunction with matter, for though this connection is continually displayed, yet we have no direct proof of its being necessary."

In like manner, Mr Herbert Mayo, in the introduction to his late work on the Nervous System and its Functions, writes thus:- "Life is a force so contrived and used, as to qualify the materials of the inert world for a temporary union with consciousness, - a means how mind may enter into such relations with matter, that it may have its being and part in physical nature, and its faculties developed, and its capabilities and tendencies drawn out and proved (for whatever ulterior purpose) in subjection to, and in harmony with, her laws. "As we imagine the Supreme Mind to be ubiquitous, infinite, controlling, but uncontrolled by matter, so in contrast with these attributes we conceive the finite mind to be bound down to place, and to be dependent on a certain arrangement of matter, for its manifestation, each power displayed as the property of a tissue, each agency as the function of an organ. "These views do not lead to materialism. For one cannot disjoin the physiology of' the nervous system from mental philosophy, nor investigate the play of its organs without attending to the mind itself. And if equal consideration is given to the two classes of phenomena, it is impossible (so at least it appears to myself) to avoid the conviction, that they are essentially independent the one of the other, and belong to distinct essences; and that ipseity, the consciousness of personal being, is not a mode of material existence, nor physical impenetrability an attribute of that which feels and thinks."]

The same arguments might be enforced in respect to the painter, and sculptor, and orator, but it appears to my mind so evident by what has already been advanced, that I forbear extending my illustrations, conceiving them to be unnecessary. I therefore conclude that the soul and the brain are essentially quite distinct, and stand much in the same relation to each other as the musician and musical instrument.

Another powerful argument of the mind being an independent essence, is the fact, that amidst the continued changes which we know are going on in the physical frame, we still recognize personal identity; and the remembrance of occurrences, even of early life, after every particle of the body has been changed several times, is reconcileable with the idea of the original mind merely having exchanged and renovated the substance of its dwelling - place; but how can we suppose that each particle had, in retiring, transferred its quantum of knowledge to the particle of matter which was to supply its place?

Colton's remark seems very just when he says, - "Many causes are now conspiring to increase the trunk of infidelity, but materialism is the main root of them all." I have therefore endeavoured and I hope, by what has already been said, with some success, to prove, that the belief in the brain being the organ of the mind, leads only to the admission of the necessity of certain conditions of matter, in order to make the varied conditions of mind manifest to ourselves and other beings with which we are surrounded during the present state of our existence. The charge against the doctrine of phrenology, therefore; as leading to a belief in materialism, is altogether unfounded; for phrenology merely professes to appropriate to separate portions of the brain the execution of special functions or manifestations, which are generally admitted, without hesiaion, to result from its functions as a single organ. I might therefore at once dismiss the subject, leaving the doctrines of the existence of a God, and the immortality of the soul, to the defence of many able writers on that department of mental philosophy. However, as it appears to me that an argument of considerable strength, in support of both these doctrines, may be drawn from the doctrines of phrenology, or the allocation of special functions to particular portions of the brain, I think it may not be out of place for we very briefly to advert to these topics.

The concurrent notions and practices of all nations, savage as well as civilized, clearly indicate their inward belief in a superintendent power who rules the destinies of man and of nations, as verified by their varied forms of worship. Phrenology, as illustrated by Hypnotism, does more - it proves that there is a particular portion of the brain which the mind may use as an organ destined for the especial purpose of adoration; and, as nothing has been made in vain, or without a final cause, we may safely infer that such an organ would never have been made had it not been intended to be exercised; and how could it have been exercised worthily had there been no suitable object of adoration? The very fact, therefore, of the existence of such a special organ having been ascertained, stamps the folly of the Atheist; and, as we have proved that mind is not necessarily a mere attribute of organized matter, but a distinct essence, we cannot suppose it to be more perishable than matter; and as it is an acknowledged fact, that matter, so far as we can apprehend, is essentially indestructible, analogy would lead us to infer, that the mind, the more important part of man, will not be less imperishable; and, consequently, the most rational conclusion to which we can arrive is, that the soul is immortal. "There is mind, then, as well as matter, or rather, if there be a difference of the degrees of evidence, there is mind, more surely than there is matter; and if at death not a single atom of the body perishes, but that which we term dissolution, decay, putrefaction, is only a change of the relative positions of those atoms, which in themselves continue to exist with all the qualities which they before possessed, there is surely no reason, from this mere change of place of the atoms that formed the body to infer, with respect to the independent mind, any other change than that of its mere relation to those separate atoms. The continued subsistence of every thing corporeal cannot, at least, be regarded as indicative of the annihilation of the other substance, but must, on the contrary, as far as the mere analogy of the body is of any weight, be regarded as a presumption in favour of the continued subsistence of the mind, when there is nothing around it which has perished, and nothing even which has perished, in the whole material universe, since the universe itself was called into being." Dr Thomas Brown. "The mind remembers, conceives, combines, and reasons; it loves, it fears, and hopes in the total absence of any impression from without, that can influence, in the smallest degree, these emotions; and we have the fullest conviction that it would continue to exercise the same functions in undiminished activity, though all material things were at once annihilated." - Abercrombie.

Mr Stewart also says, "Of all the truths we know the existence of mind is the most certain. Even the system of Berkeley concerning the non-existence of matter, is far mote conceivable, than that nothing but matter exists in the universe."

Plato also wrote thus:- "The body being compounded, is dissolved by death; the soul, being simple, passeth into another life, incapable of corruption"

That accomplished physician and metaphysician, Dr Abercrombie, after relating the effects on memory of diseases and disorders of the brain, with, in many instances, serious organic lesion, concludes thus; "One thing, however, is certain, that they give no countenance to the doctrine of materialism, which some have presumptuously deduced from a very partial view of the influence of cerebral disease upon the manifestations of mind. They shew us, indeed, in a very striking manner, the mind holding intercourse with the external world through the medium of the brain and nervous system; and, by certain diseases of these organs, they shew this intercourse impaired or suspended; but they shew nothing more. In particular, they warrant nothing in any degree analogous to those partial deductions which form the basis of materialism. On the contrary, they shew us the brain injured and diseased to an extraordinary extent, without the mental functions being affected in any sensible degree." (This power no doubt arises from each hemisphere having corresponding organs, and consequently when only one is diseased, the other may be adequate to the manifestaion of the mental phenomena.) "They shew us farther, the manifestations of mind obscured for a time, and yet reviving in all their original vigour almost in the very moment of dissolution. Finally, their exhibit to us the mind, cut off from all intercourse with the external world, recalling its old impressions, even of things long forgotten, and exercising its powers on those which had long ceased to exist, in a manner totally irreconcilable with any idea we can form of a material function." On the Intellectual Powers, pp. 154, 155.

In addition to what I have already advanced in refutaion of the doctrine of materialism, I beg to submit what appears to me much more probable than that mental manifestations are the result of mere organism, - namely, that organism is the result of mind, or the principle of life influencing or directing organism in accordance with what may be its especial wants and desires. We know that every seed of a plant has a principle of life imparted to it by the great first cause of all, by which, when sown in congenial soil, it will exert its powers, and appropriate to itself materials from the soil, to form an organism in accordance with its peculiar wants and nature; and that, having passed through certain conditions, and formed other kindred seed or germs to propagate its kind under a return of favouring circumstances, the plant dies, and is resolved into its original elements, Man and animals also possess similar faculties for propagating and multiplying their species; and to me it appears far more probable, that the peculiar organism. of each variety results from the vivifying or intelligent principle we call life or mind (and no one denies the existence of the former, although we know nothing of its essence or mode of operation,) directing and determining appropriate formation, than that the mere accidental union of particles of matter, in definite quantity and form, should be the cause of mental phenomena [Footnote: The original identity of structure of the germ of the most various organic beings, constituted, as it always is, of a cell, with a nucleus, seems to prove, that the cause of the variety of classes, families, genera, and species of animals and plants developed from the germ, resides not in the structure or chemical property of the germ, but in the idea or spirit. implanted in it at its creation." (Müller, p. 1339.).] It is true we can here only speak of analogies, but the analogy in favour of this proposition seems far more natural and probable than the other. Is it not, for example, a priori, as probable, on viewing a well planned factory, fitted up with what is called self-acting machinery, for us to suppose that the whole should have been planned, and the machinery constructed, in accordance with the intelligent designs of a skilful artist, as that the brute matter, of which the whole is constructed, came into its particular forms and arrangements of its own accord, or by accident, and thus produced the intelligence of the superintending possessor? The higher and more perfect the original force, or life, or spirit, originally imparted into each species, the more complex and extensive should we expect to find the corresponding organism, to adapt it for the suitable performance of its more varied functions; and it therefore was necessary for man to have that superiority, even in the form and functions of his hands, in which he so much surpasses that of all other animals, to fit him for the execution of the more extended range of operations, which his superior endowments and cerebral organism fitted him to devise.

In this view of the subject, (and it appears to me, after consulting the various opinions of our ablest authorities on life and organization, to be the most satisfactory conclusion I could arrive at,) every plant or animal, however minute, may have a particular vital or directing principle originally imparted to it, and still sustained in its power by the great Creator, without the necessity of according to each an immortal existence and responsibility. Nor is there any thing irreconcilable in the supposition that man, with higher original powers, and more perfect organism, fitting him to use these appropriately, and who is the highest link in the chain, in this world, between inorganic matter and the Supreme Being, should be constituted a responsible agent, and exist hereafter, whilst those creatures with less expansive faculties, both of life and organization, may be exempted from such ultimate responsibility, and may not be immortal. This is only analogous to what we see in respect to a commanding officer and his men, the former only being responsible for imprudent enterprises, the latter being considered merely as instruments in his hands.

I shall close these remarks on the immortality of the soul by a quotation from that excellent work, "Abererombie on the Intellectual Powers." "This momentous truth rests on a species of evidence altogether different, which addresses itself to the moral constitution of man. It is found in those principles of his nature by which he feels upon his spirit the awe of a God, and looks forward to the future with anxiety or with hope, - by which he knows to distinguish truth from falsehood, and evil from good, and has forced upon him the conviction that he is a moral and responsible being. This is the power of conscience, that monitor within, which raises its voice in the breast of every man, a witness for his Creator. He who resigns himself to its guidance, and he who repels its warnings, are both compelled to acknowledge its power; and whether the good man rejoices in the prospect of immortality, or the victim of remorse withers beneath an influence unseen by human eye, and shrinks from the anticipation of a reckoning to come, each has forced upon him a conviction, such as argument never gave, that the being which is essentially himself is distinct from any function of the body, and will survive in undiminished vigour when the body shall have fallen into decay. "There is thus, in the consciousness of every man, a deep impression of continued existence. The casuist may reason against it till he bewilder himself in his own sophistries; but a voice within gives the lie to his vain speculations, and pleads with authority for a life which is to come. The sincere and humble inquirer cherishes the impression, while be seeks for farther light on a subject so momentous, and he thus receives, with absolute conviction, the truth which beams upon him from the revelation of God, that the mysterious part of his being, which thinks, and wills, and reasons, shall indeed survive the wreck of its mortal tenement, and is destined for immortality." [Footnote: To those who wish to pursue the subject farther, I beg to refer to Dr Samuel Clarke on the Being and Attributes of God, pp. 70-15; Jackson on Matter and Mind, pp. 41-47, 51; Warburton's Divine Legation, vol. I, book 3d; Drew's Essay on the Immortality of the Soul; and Ramsay's Principles, pp. 233-5; also Brougham and Bakewell, where they will find it ably argued as far as Natural Theology can avail; but the sacred volume contains a lucidity and sanction beyond all we can adduce from mere human ingenuity, and I therefore conclude by referring to it, as "life and immortality are clearly brought to light through the Gospel."] It must be obvious to all, that every variety of passion and emotion can be excited in the mind by music; but how does this arise? Simply by the different effects produced by the varied degrees of velocity, force, quality, and combinations of the oscillations of the air acting on the auditory nerves, these again communicated to the brain, and this acting on the mind and body, creating corresponding mental and bodily manifestations. Every one must have observed the remarkable effects evinced by these means on the physiognomy, and the more critically observant must have noticed, that in susceptible individuals there is also a very marked change in the state of the respiration and general posture of the body. They must also have experienced, in themselves and others, how prone we are to assume a sympathetic condition, both of mind and body, from those with whom we associate, or during a temporary interview. These physical changes seem to result from a mental influence imparted through the eyes and ears, and then reflected from within, through the respiratory, facial, and spinal nerves, on the external form and features. Now such being the case, is there any great improbability, that by calling the muscles of expression into action during the hypnotic state, by titillating certain nerves, that the impression of the feeling with which such external manifestation is generally associated should be reflected on the brain, and excite in the mind the particular passion or emotion? I think it is highly probable this is the true cause of the phrenological manifestations during the hypnotic condition; and as it is the peculiar feature of this condition, that the whole energies of the soul should be concentrated on the emotion excited, the manifestation, of course, becomes very decided. I presume the different points pressed on, through the stimulus given to various fasciculi of nerves, call into action certain combinations of muscles of expression in the face and general frame, and also influence the organs of respiration, and thus the mind is influenced, indirectly, through the organs of common sensation and the sympathetic, as sneezing is excited in some by too strong a light irritating the optic nerves. Two patients who are highly intelligent, and remain partially conscious, and who acknowledge they did all in their power to resist the influence excited by manipulating the head, state, that the first feeling was a drawing of the muscles of the face, and affection of the breathing, which was followed by an irresistible impulse to act as they did, but why they could not tell.

In this view of the subject it would resolve itself into the laws of sympathy, and the question then is, where are the external or superficial points of the sympathies located? Experience must decide this, and in the peculiar condition induced by hypnotism, according to my own experience, this can be more readily and certainly determined than in the normal state. These points having been ascertained, we can then determine how and where to act according to our particular object; and it can be of no real importance where the cerebral points or special organs may be posited.

As to the real locations of the sympathetic points, by stimulating which we produce peculiar manifestations, they appear to me not to be quite accurately the same in all heads, but, on the whole, pretty near the centres of the organs as mapped out on heads generally approved by phrenologists, and I have had decided proof that there is some relation subsists betwixt the size and function, as in general there is more energy displayed when there is large development, and the negative when it is defective. Thus, a patient with large combativeness or destructiveness, when excited during hypnotism, will display great violence and disposition to attack others, whereas, where they are defective, they will shrink and express a fear that some one is. quarrelling, or angry with them.

If the solution of the cause of these remarkable phenomena now given should not be deemed correct, the only other which occurs to my mind as at all satisfactory, is this, that the different fasciculi of sentient nerves excite directly the corresponding points of the brain, and these again the physical manifestations. We know by what musical combinations and movements we can excite the different passions; we know also that this arises from some peculiar impression communicated to the brain through the portio mollis of the seventh pair of nerves; and whether this is conveyed to it as a single organ only, or as a combination of organs, it is clear that, as the origin of the seventh is more remote from the brain than the origin of the fifth, there must, consequently, be at least as great difficulty in accounting for such results being excited through the different branches of the seventh as through those of the fifth pair.

The animal magnetizers do not now contend for their volitions being necessary. Dr Elliotson distinctly states, in a published letter, dated llth September, 1842, that he had "Never produced any effect by mere willing;" and adds, "I have never seen reason to believe, (and I have made innumerable comparative experiments upon the point,) that I have heightened the effect of my processes by exerting the strongest will, or lessened them by thinking intentionally of other things, and endeavouring to bestow no more attention upon what I was about than was just necessary to carry on the process. So far from willing, I have at first had no idea of what would be the effect of my processes; in exciting the cerebral organs, the effect ensues as well in my female patient though the manipulator be a sceptic, and may therefore be presumed not to wish the proper result to ensue and though I stood aside, and do not know what organ he has in view. I have never excited them by the mere will; I have excited them with my fingers just as well when thinking of other matters with my friends, and momentarily forgetting what I was about," &c. The Doctor also denies his belief in the phrenological results arising from sympathy with the state of the operator's brain. I feel convinced that he is right in these sentiments, and believe that the same degree of mechanical pressure or stimulus to the integuments of the cranium, from an inanimate substance, when the patient is in the proper stage of the mesmeric condition, will produce the same manifestation as the personal touch of either sceptic or believer in animal magnetism. Thus, touching them with a knobbed glass rod, three feet long, has produced the phenomena with my patients as certainly as personal contact, so that if there is any thing of vital magnetism in it, it is subject to different laws from that of ordinary magnetism or electricity.

Mere pointing I have myself found sufficient to excite the manifestations in several patients, after previous excitement of the organs, but this arises from feeling, as I know the sensibility of the skin in those cases enables them to feel without actual contact. The following experiment seems to me to prove clearly that the manifestations were entirely attributable to the mechanical pressure operating on an excited state of the nervous system. I placed a cork endways over the organ of veneration, and bound it in that position by a bandage passing under the chin. I now hypnotized the patient, and observed the effect, which was precisely the same, for some time, as when no such appliance was used; after a minute and a half had elapsed, an altered expression of countenance took place, and a movement of the arms and hands, which latter became clasped as in adoration, and the patient now arose from the seat and knelt down as if engaged in prayer. On moving the cork forwards, active benevolence was manifested, and on being pushed back, veneration again manifested itself. I have repeatedly tried similar experiments with this, and other patients, with the like results, including other organs. It is clear there was no mechanical pressure to direct the movement downwards, because there was pressure upwards also and had there been any preconceived notion in the patient's mind; to excite to such action, it ought to have been manifested immediately on passing into the sleep. None of the patients had the slightest notion of what was my object in making such experiments, and none of them saw the others operated on. At page 141, it will be observed, pressure by their own fingers produced similar manifestations, Eden whilst their minds were expecting some other results.

Whilst it is generally agreed that the brain admits of being divided into regions for the animal propensities, moral sentiments, and intellectual faculties, it has not been at all possible to prove satisfactorily the exact position and size of each organ, as noted by the phrenologists. Granting that there is a distinct organ or point in the brain for each faculty, which I think is highly probable, still there must ever be insuperable difficulty in thus accurately determining character, even supposing we knew the exact position and size of each organ, because much must depend upon the state of perfection of structure, and activity of the point or organ, as well as its absolute size. Thus, a person with a large eye may have defective sight, whilst a person with a small eye may see clearly and distinctly, the greater perfection of structure, and activity of the optic nerves, more than compensating for mere deficiency of size. So it is with the brain, a part may be abnormally large, and the faculty dull, from want of power or activity, or perfection of organic structure; and the reverse may obtain, a small development, with high activity, may render its function predominant. It is from a want of such knowledge as this that phrenology must ever prove imperfect, even granting the localities to be correctly ascertained and established. However, when we have ascertained the points where, by acting in any peculiar manner, we can excite into activity particular sympathetic physical and mental associations, whilst the other faculties are put into a state of quiescence, it appears to me to be a matter of far greater importance, and a subject still more curious, than any thing ever brought forward by phrenologists. It is far more available for practical purposes too. Phrenologists could at best only pretend to tell the natural tendencies of an individual, and direct that he should be educated in accordance with a specific plan, as has hitherto been done independently of phrenology, from watching the natural dispositions and habits of different individuals, by encouraging and directing their studies in such and such a direction; but here, in addition to this, we have the power of giving a decided impulse in any particular direction. It ought not to be overlooked, that this does not deprive us of any of our former available modes of instruction and morality, but it promises to prove a powerful auxiliary for expediting and ensuring the success of those means. It therefore follows, that it becomes the duty of every well-wisher to his species to investigate this matter, and determine how far it is generally applicable. It is still more the duty of the medical faculty to do so, because, should farther experience determine this question in the affirmative, it is reasonable to expect it may be turned to the best account in the cure of disease, by applying out remedies locally, to the cutaneous points which have been ascertained to be the centres of the morbid concatenation. Thus, leeching and sedatives, &c. might be applied to such points when there was excitement of the corresponding functions, and vice versa, with the reasonable hope of success; and if this method cannot be effective, we can be pretty certain of success through hypnotism, by exciting the morbidly low faculty where there is depression, and the antagonist organ where there has been excitement. In this manner I have no doubt but hypnotism may prove of incalculable advantage in the treatment of many cases of insanity, and nervous affections tending to induce that disease.

I am quite aware some will be ready to start an objection to my views, by stating that the scalp, where many or most of these demonstrations have been manifested, is not highly sensitive, that it is not extensively supplied with sensient nerves, and that they all arise from the fifth pair, and do not pass directly through the skull to the subjacent points of the brain. This, however, does not prove that the terminal branches may not ultimately have a special influence on such points, notwithstanding their circuitous course to arrive there. I beg to remind such individuals that we are by no means sufficiently acquainted with the laws and distribution of the nervous system, to be able to prescribe rules as to how it ought and must act. Who does not know, that until the discoveries of out illustrious countryman, Sir Charles Bell, the same nerve was considered to give both sense and motion? And when he propounded that the true cause of its double functions was because of its having double roots, as not this announcement scouted for some time, and then, when proved to be true, were not attempts made to rob Sir Charles Bell of the honour of the discovery?

There seems to be great reason to conclude that the distribution of the nerves of the scalp will ultimately be found far more intricate and beautifully arranged than at present we have any conception of. I shall now proceed to state my views as to the mode in which different parts of the brain are associated with different parts of the body. I have long quite agreed with those physiologists who consider that the vis nervosa is something circulated in tubes, that the primitive nerve-tubes do not anastomose, but only run parallel with others, remaining distinct and isolated throughout their course, and that consequently the "cerebral extremity of each fibre is connected with the peripheral extremity of a single nervous fibre only, and that this peripheral extremity is in relation with only one point of the brain or spinal cord: so that, corresponding to the many millions of primitive fibres which are given off to peripheral parts of the body, there are the same number of peripheral points of the body represented on the brain. The sensation of a single point evidently depends on the impression being conveyed by means of a single fibre to a single point of the sensorium." (Müller.) It is from the same cause that we can regulate simple or associated movements of distinct members.

From all these considerations it appears quite reasonably to suppose, and analogy, as respects distinct organs being appropriated for other special functions, warrants the inference, that different parts of the brain may have special functions to perform, both as regards mind and matter; and that, when such points are excited into inordinate activity, the manifestations will become correspondingly more conspicuous and vice versa.

We know from experience that the various passions and emotions can be excited through the organ of hearing either by music or oratory, through the eyes by painting or sculpture, and likewise, though less extensively and efficiently, through common sensation, and there seems to me to be nothing, a priori to militate against the probability, that this may be effected to a much greater extent than has yet been done, provided we can only discover the peculiar mode of exciting certain portions of the brain. If the views already advanced, that every [point of the body supplied by primitive nervous fibres has a distinct corresponding point in the brain, it is clear, that by titillating each peripheral point, we shall excite its corresponding central point; and from what shall be found detailed in experiments recorded, it appears highly probable that the respective parts of the brain corresponding to every part of the body, may be excited into activity though certain sympathetic points in the integuments of the head and neck, and if so, we may also excite into activity the whole of those actions, mental and muscular, which are associated with each portion of the cerebrum. In this case Smellie's supposition would be completely realized in man. he expresses himself thus:- "I can conceive a superior being so thoroughly acquainted with the human frame, so perfectly skilled in the connection and mutual dependence which subsist between our intellect and our sensitive organs, as to be able, by titillating in various modes and directions, particular combinations of nerves, or particular branches of any single nerve, to excite in the mind what idea he may think proper. I can likewise conceive the possibility of suggesting any particular idea, or species of ideas, by affecting the nerves in the same manner as these ideas affect them when excited by any other cause." This confident aspiration seems to be now in a great measure realized, by certain modes of manipulating patients during the hypnotic condition, of which I shall now adduce a few illustrations.

My first attempt to excite the phreno-hypnotic phenomena was in the month of April, 1842, in the lecture-room at Liverpool, but it did not succeed. I then tried the experiment repeatedly in private, putting the patients to sleep by contact as well as in my usual way, but still could not succeed. I was anxious to try it fairly, and therefore applied to Mr Brookes, through the kindness of Dr Birt Davies of Birmingham, for information as to the mode Mr Brookes had practised so successfully, and which was most politely communicated to me by both these gentlemen. I tried this mode with several patients, both in my usual plan and that of the animal magnetisers, but was still unsuccessful. I now abandoned it as a hopeless task, presuming the cases which had proved successful with others must have been lusus naturae, or that the operators had deceived themselves, the patients having been led to answer, and give the manifestations they did, from the nature of the leading questions proposed, and might afterwards remember what passed at previous operations, and answer accordingly; whilst, like natural somnambulists, they might not remember, when awake, what had passed during their sleep.

Last December I was induced to make another attempt, from reading a report of Mr Spencer T. Hall's two first lectures on the subject, at Sheffield: and it was remarkable, that the very first patient I tried in that way exhibited several of the manifestations. However, I was led to refer the result to a totally different cause from what he and the other animal magnetisers did. I concluded it arose from the different degrees of sensibility of different parts of the integuments, conveying correspondingly varied impressions when similarly impressed, and exciting different ideas in the mind, and thus calling up ld associations; and that when similarly impressed the same ideas might again present themselves to the mind. I considered this far more probable than that the brain was affected by any transmission from the operator to the brain directly through the skull; and to prove this, tried the effect of pressure over parts which had no cerebral substance directly subjacent, and the results confirmed my expectations. Thus, pressure on the apex of the mastoid process, and the ossa nasi, and the chin were as certainly followed by particular manifestations, as pressure on different parts of the cranium were followed by others. I also very soon ascertained that the same points of the cranium, when thus excited, did not excite the same ideas or emotions to the minds of different patients, which I considered ought to have been the case, according to the views of the staunch phrenologists. I have since discovered the cause of this, namely, not having operated at the proper stage of the hypnotic condition.

I shall now adduce a few examples. On one subject, after being in the hypnotic condition for a few minutes, by applying gentle pressure over the ossa nasi, immoderate laughter was immediately excited, and ceased as abruptly on removing the contact. The abruptness of these transitions, especially from immoderate laughter to the extreme gravity and vacancy of expression peculiar to the hypnotic state, was quite ludicrous, and almost beyond belief. Supposing she were singing the most grave tune and solemn words, the moment the nose was touched in this manner, by any one, she was irresistibly thrown into this merry mood, but would join in the tune again with the utmost gravity the moment the contact ceased. Rubbing the same part, or pinching up the skin over it, seemed to produce no effect whatever. On applying pressure to this patient's chin there was an immediate catch in he breathing, with sighing and sobbing, which would subside on removing the point of contact. By touching both nose and chin at same time there was the most ludicrous combination of laughing and crying, each struggling for the mastery, as we sometimes see in hysteric attacks. Both would cease immediately on removing the contact. Friction or pinching the skin on the chin had no effect of producing such phenomena, in short, no part of this patient which I tested seemed capable of being excited by friction or pinching the integuments, excepting around the orbits, which produced spectra, although less perfectly so than by simple pressure against the bone. This patient, being always pressed over the phrenologists' organ of time, always expressed her desire "to write" - a letter - to her mother or her brother; over their organ of tune, "to sing"; between this and wit, "to be judicious"; the boundary between wit and causality, "to be clever"; causality, "to have knowledge"; in the centre of the forehead, to have "a certain perception of learning"; below this the phrenologists' eventuality, "to be skilful"; the points of the head occupied by veneration and benevolence were sometimes indicated by the desire "to be virtuous," or "to be honourable"; most frequently, when the point touched was over benevolence, the answer was, "to be honourable," and when over the other point, "to be virtuous," when both points were touched at same time, it was, " to be honourable and virtuous," and the same answer was always given when these points were touched combined with No. 1, or amativeness. When the latter was touched alone, the answer always was "to be commended;" when approximating the mastoid process, or over that process, a remarkable placidity, or expression of delight, came over the countenance, and the desire was for "complacency," which, when hypnotized, she defined, " to be civil,"' but when awake she seemed at a loss to know what the word meant On touching "combativeness" the placidity of countenance was speedily exchanged for the opposite expression; but on pressure being made immediately above the ears, the most ferocious aspect of countenance was assumed, the breath being suppressed almost to suffocation, the face becoming flushed, with grinding of the teeth; and when the arms were not rigid, the most vigorous efforts at inflicting violence on all who were within her reach, as several gentlemen can attest to their personal knowledge and sorrow. On pressure being applied to the root of the nose, the idea of seeing different forms, and figures, and colours, seemed to be excited in the mind, more vividly when certain points were thus excited, but it could be excited by pressing the integuments against the under, as well as upper edge of the orbit, with this difference, that the objects seen, or rather spectra excited, were then generally of a painful and distressing character, whereas they were generally of a bright, and glowing, or cheerful description when excited by acting on the upper margin of the orbit. I should observe, that care was taken, in all these experiments, not to press against the globe of the eye. Thus far the phenomena were pretty uniform in this patient, the answers having been generally very much the same when impressed exactly in the same way, on the same points, anal under similar circumstances in all other respects. Thus, the last day I had all opportunity of testing this patient, I went over the different points four times with scarcely the slightest variation in the answers, as can be testified by several gentlemen who were present; and they were again repeated two or three times the same evening with like results. This patient was operated on the previous day in presence of several professional and scientific gentlemen, when several answers were given different. More than one being operating on that occasion, and the manner and degree of touching the parts being different, might be the cause of the varied results. I am satisfied this patient knew nothing of phrenology; and that she remembered nothing of what she said, or was done to her during these operations.

Case II In this patient friction would excite, whilst pressure had no effect in calling forth manifestations. In this case, friction over the ossa nasi excited the desire for "something to smell," generally aromatic vinegar or Eau de Cologne; over the chin, for something to eat; over the tendon of orbicularis, a tendency to laugh; close upon the root of the nose, friction excited spectra, and around the orbit, in like manner, the same or different spectra, differing to the degrees of pressure and friction applied; over the organ of tune, "to sing"; over the back part of the base of the head, expressed herself "very happy and comfortable"; over combativeness and destructiveness, a quarrelsome disposition, as manifested in word, look, and action. The other parts tried were less certain or decided in this patient.

Case III In this patient, friction excited the desire "to waltz", when applied over the organ of tune, and the desire "to walk", when applied to the organ of wit, as mapped by the phrenologists, and in like manner, "to sing" when veneration was the point affected. Spectra, also, when the integuments were rubbed against the margin of the orbits. Although not corresponding with the phrenological charts, nor with what occurred in the others, similar answers were given when the same points were similarly excited.

Case IV When asked what she would like, when manipulated as the others referred to, almost always answered, "nothing at all", excepting over the most sensitive parts of the cranium, when her answer was, "leeches to my head".

Case V Very much the same as the last. I think the cases referred to support my position, that the different results arise from the circumstance of different parts of the integuments having different degrees of sensibility, and thus exciting different ideas in the mind when the same quality and intensity of stimulus is applied to each part in succession. There can be no doubt but the point under which the phrenologists have posited "combativeness and destructiveness", is the most highly sensitive of any part of the cranium, and is always accompanied with symptoms of the patients feeling pain, and, as a matter of course, they will offer resistance, and attempt to free themselves from the offending cause; and so of the rest, according to their respective impressibilities. After the above remarks had been written, and my work set to the press, I met with the following most interesting case:- I was informed that a child, five years and a half old, who had been present when I exhibited experiments No. I the same evening had proposed to operate on her nurse. The nurse had no objection to indulge the girl, never supposing any effect could take place. However, it appeared she speedily closed her eyes, when the child, imitating what she saw me do, placed a finger on her forehead, and asked what she would like, when the patient answered, "to dance"; on trying another point, the answer was, "to sing", and the two then had a song together, after which the juvenile experimenter roused the patient in the same manner she had seen me do.

The above circumstance being related to me the following day, I felt curious to ascertain whether there might not be some mistake, as there had been no third party present, and it depended entirely on the statement of the child, which induced me, when visiting the family the day after, to request permission to test the patient. This was readily granted; and, to my astonishment, she manifested the phenomena in a degree far beyond any case I had tried; indeed, she did so, with a degree of perfection which baffles description. however frequently she was tried, the same expression of countenance, the same condition of the respiration, and similar postures of the body have been evinced, when the same points were pressed. Indeed, so highly susceptible was she, that, after a few trials, when I pointed a finger or glass rod over the part, without contact, similar manifestations resulted, only in a less rapid and more modified degree. I also found by trying No. !! at an earlier stage, that he susceptibility was almost equal to the present case. The following are a few of the more striking manifestations: pressure on the chin was followed by movement of the jaws, lips, and tongue, with the desire to eat; on the lower part of the nose, "to smell"; insertion of tendon of the orbicularis, immoderate laughter, which, on being asked why she laughed, the answer indicated, it was from a sense of the ludicrousness being excited; over time, "to dance"; tune, "to sing", with pressure on the eye at the same time, she did sing part of a song; over the back of the head, No. I she shuddered and retreated, under the impression that some one was about to take liberties with her, the same feeling of delicacy was also manifested when any other part of the body was touched excepting the head and face; over apex of mastoid process, the desire to shake hands and be friendly; the former, with No. 4, or adhesiveness, she would lean to, or clasp any one near her; combativeness, the reverse; destructiveness, (it was very small,) she was distressed from the notion that some one was quarrelling with her; philoprogenitiveness, she always said, "hark, the poor child is crying!" secretiveness and caution, she would tell nothing; benevolence, "to travel"; veneration, she knelt down in the most solemn manner and prayed; combined with hope and expression of ecstasy united with devotion; over the eyebrows, spectra of all forms and colours, gay and glowing, and when below the eye, the notion of the sea, a ship, and people about to be drowned; at a farther trial, other manifestations come out equally, or even more strikingly, according to the accuracy with which the corresponding points were touched. In particular, I must note what happened the first time I touched imitation, which was entirely accidental, and whilst, besides a relation of my own, there was present a gentleman whose literary and scientific attainments, and philosophic turn of mind, as well as high standing in society, render him an ornament of our country. beside imitating everything done or said in English, she imitated correctly French, Italian, Spanish, German, Lain and Greek; every word was spoken with the utmost precision, and has been done several times since before many professional and scientific gentlemen, and ladies, who can bear testimony to the extraordinary fidelity of pronunciation and emphasis. I need scarcely add, she could not do so when tested after being awakened. Many other patients I have since made do the same, one a girl of only twelve years of age.

On Mr Hall's arrival in Manchester, previous to his first lecture, I had the pleasure of seeing him at my house, when I exhibited my experiments on his and another patient, with which he seemed much gratified. I also afforded him an opportunity of seeing them again next day. After I had them in the hypnotic condition, I requested him to manipulate their heads, which he did more minutely than I had done, and consequently brought out additional manifestations. I was on the alert to all he did and said, for I was determined he should not have an opportunity of prompting in any way, and most assuredly, by exciting acquisitiveness, he very soon led the patient to steal a silver snuff-box from a gentleman present, and it was most striking the anxiety with which she returned it, on Mr Hall removing the point of contact to conscientiousness, - the movement of the arm was changed instantly, as if automatically. I had never tried to excite either of these two points. The other manifestations, which I had previously seen developed, were previously seen developed, were precisely the same under his manipulations as my own. I made several attempts to excite the organ of benevolence, but without effect, until one day I accidentally placed my finger so low as I should have considered to be the middle of comparison, as marked on the busts, when she instantly evinced the emotion in the most active manner, saying, "poor creature, poor creature", and not content, as many are, with mere words of compassion, she anxiously presented us with all the money in her pocket. I should not omit to add, that this patient is quite unconscious of all she or others do or say whilst in this state, and did not know the location of a single organ. It would only be an unnecessary waste of time to detail at length all the cases I have had since of similar manifestations, varying in degree according to the original constitution and habit of mind of each patient. the variety is the most striking proof of the reality of the phenomena. There are some patients who have a sort of indistinct recollection of what had passed, as if it had been a dream; two in particular, who observed they had an indistinct notion of what they were doing, but felt irresistibly impelled, as it were, to do certain things, even whilst they thought complying with the predominant inclination would make them very ridiculous. This, I presume, referred to imitation and comicality, and such like humorous faculties, which they displayed in a very remarkable degree. these patients are highly respectable and intelligent, and manifested the phenomena quite as prominently as the patient last named, that of veneration and hope, also filial affection, in a manner baffling description. Each knew only one phrenological system.

That I might be the better certified that all was reality, I also got a relation of my own to submit to the operation, and it was quite conclusive. She has a slight recollection of some things which were said and done, but of other seems quite oblivious. I had also the opportunity of verifying the truthfulness of these various and interesting phenomena through the kindness of Mrs. Colonel ---------, who submitted to be operated on by me in the presence of her husband, as also the Major; the Captain and Surgeon of the regiment; also a high dignitary of the church, and who is also an eminently scientific gentleman; Mr Gardom, surgeon, and other professional gentlemen; Mr Aspinal Turner, and a number of others, both ladies and gentlemen. In about three minutes after she was asleep, I placed two fingers over the point named veneration, instantly the aspect of he countenance changed; in a little slowly, and solemnly, and majestically arose from her chair, advanced towards the table in the middle of the room, and softly sank on her knees, and exhibited such a picture of devout adoration as can never be forgotten by any who had the gratification to witness it. She was tested with a number of other faculties, when the corresponding manifestations were equally striking and characteristic. When awakened, this lady was quite unconscious of all which had happened.

Here, then, we have the testimony of a lady of the highest respectability and intelligence, and energy of mind, corroborating, both in word and action, and look, the reality of the phenomena as exhibited by others, and that in the presence of most respectable and intelligent witnesses, who can bear testimony that there was nothing said or done to direct her in the important manifestations. This lady had been hypnotized by me once before, for a few minutes, at a private conversazione the week before, when she sat down fully convinced she could NOT be affected, but was soon made to acknowledge the power of hypnotism, and now she was a valuable evidence to the more novel investigation as to how far phrenological manifestations could be developed during hypnotism. [Footnote: A report having been circulated, no doubt with the view of neutralizing the interest attaching to the case, that this lady was a phrenologist, I called to inquire whether there was any ground for such a report. Mrs. S. herself assured me it was quite erroneous, for it was a subject she had never paid any attention to, and one she was quite ignorant of. Wishing to be very circumstantially correct in the statement, she added, "I have understood the organ of music is somewhere about the forehead;" when requested to place her finger on the organ , she was quite wrong, so that she did not know a single organ. I mentioned this circumstance, in her presence, at another conversazione, when she most distinctly declared the facts here recorded, to be strictly correct.] I have now realized these phenomena very prominently with forty-five patients, most of whom, I am quite certain, knew nothing of phrenology, some of them not even what the word meant; and the smallness of the points to which the contact must be made to elicit the manifestations correctly, especially the subdivisions by Mr. Hall, is such as to render collusion most improbable. I was also careful to avoid prompting, by putting leading questions. I have also succeeded partially with others; and several of my friends have also been successful with. a few other eases.

I attended Mr Hall's public lectures, and the very first experiment he tried, February 24, 1843, convinced me, that the reason why I had not sooner obtained the manifestations more generally was, because I had allowed my patients to pass into the supersentient state before testing them. I was aware of the difference in the state of the circulation through the brain in the state in which my patients were, and what it must be in the state in which his were during his operations, and conjectured, that by trying my patients in that condition, I might get manifestations which I had failed to do at former trails; and the very first cases I tried; proved this conjecture to be correct. For example, No. II. already referred to, exhibited a number of additional phenomena beautifully; and cases IV. and V. in like manner, came out beautifully. From this single observation on Mr Hall's mode, or rather time, of operating, I have been enabled to arrive at a mode of operating which, I believe, by putting patients into the hypnotic condition my own way, there will be no great difficulty in manifesting some of the phenomena in most cases. There are some patients, however, who will evince them much more prominently that others, and the power of habit seems evident in most, being more readily operated on after a few trials. Some, however, seem as perfect as possible at the first trial.

I have also tried several private friends, on whose intelligence, honour, and integrity, I could rely, and also children, and have found the evidence so satisfactory, that I am quite certain as to the reality of the phenomena; but s to my theoretical views, I wish them to be considered as mere conjectures, thrown out for the purpose of exciting others to think, and investigate this curious and most important subject.

I shall conclude this article by calling attention of my readers to the coincidence which appears to subsist betwixt the phenomena now referred to, and the mode of exciting dreaming, in some patients, by whispering in their ears. I shall illustrate that by reference to a case recorded in one of Dr Abercrombie's valuable works, on the authority of the late Dr Gregory. It is that of the case of an officer in the expedition to Louisburgh in 1758. His brother officers were in the habit of amusing themselves at his expense. They could produce any kind of dream they chose, especially if done by one which whose voice he was familiar. Thus, at one time, they conducted him through the whole process of a quarrel, ending in a duel; and when it was supposed the parties met, a pistol was put in his hand, which he fired, and was awakened by its report. ON another occasion, being asleep in the locker of the cabin, he was made to believe that he had fallen overboard, and was told to save himself by swimming, when they told him to dive for his life, as a shark was pursuing him, which he attempted so energetically, that he threw himself from the locker, by which he bruised himself severely. Again, after the landing of the army, he was found one day asleep in his tent, and apparently much annoyed with the noise of the cannonading then going on briskly. He was made to believe he was engaged with the enemy, when he expressed much fear, and betrayed a wish to run away. They remonstrated against this cowardice, whilst they increased his alarm by imitating the groans of the wounded; and when he inquired who was killed, which he often did, they named his particular friends. At last he was told that the man next him in the line had fallen, when he instantly sprang from his sleep, and relived from his fears, by falling over the tent ropes. It is added, that after these experiments, he had not distinct recollection of his dreams, but only a confused feeling of oppression or fatigue; and used to say to his friends, that he was sure they had been playing him some tricks.

I shall add one illustration of the probability of benefit accruing to society from this subject being prosecuted with zeal and due consideration. A highly scientific friend, who had honoured me with his presence at a private conversazione, called two days thereafter, and state, that from reflecting on what I had said and exhibited the day before as to the mode of exciting certain points or functions of the brain through acting on certain points of the scalp and face, it appeared to him most reasonable to expect that by applying such points, we might most readily afford relief to disorder of the corresponding internal organs. I told him I was so thoroughly induced to act accordingly; and that the day before I had been visiting an insane patient, who entertained the horrible idea, that she must murder ever body she knew, and then murder herself also; that on placing my hand upon the organ of combativeness and destructiveness, in a few seconds, she gave a violent shudder, and seemed greatly excited, and becoming perfectly furious. On examining these parts, I found the integuments quite red. I ordered leeches, and cold lotion afterwards, but next day she remained equally violent, and the pulse between 140 and 150, which it had been for some time, notwithstanding medicines had been given to depress it. I now made an incision an inch and a half long through the integuments, and down to the bone, and in twelve hours after found her much calmer, and the pulse down to 100, and t remained there for several days. There was no such loss of blood as could have acted constitutionally on the heart directly by the quantity effused. On again rising, Belladonna plasters were applied - these not having the desired effect, recourse was again had to scarification behind both ears, and with great success, as in a few days she was so calm as not to requite the strait jacket, and for two months has been sullen but harmless. At another conversazione, the same gentleman requested me to excite philoprogenitiveness, which I did, and he then asked me to combine destructiveness along with it. I told him the faculty would not be developed, because the organ was so small in this patient as to make her always imagine some one was quarrelling with her. Still he wished me to try, which I did, and the result was that she immediately seemed distressed about some one being angry with the children. Two days after I was informed that the object of the request was to prove that such would be the case, as he had whispered to a professional gentleman present, before the answer was elicited, and no one else in the room knew this remark. Two days after, on a slip of paper handed to me by the same gentleman, he had noted, that if I would excite the same organs in another patient, whose destructiveness was more prominent, I would find she would be angry with the children, and wish to punish or send them away, and assuredly it proved so. He also added, that this is the combination of morbid excitement which he conjectured, and I think with great justice, is the cause of parents murdering their own children during a fit of insanity. An example of more acute, beautiful, and successful induction than this could scarcely be conceived possible; and it is highly gratifying to know that the pinions of a gentleman of such talents and attainments coincides so much with my general views on this subject.

The doctrine propounded by the Rev. La Roy Sunderland, and Mr Spencer T. Hall, and others, seems to be this, that there is a separate organ in the brain for every mental faculty, emotion, propensity, desire, and action, mental or corporeal; that every positive organ has also its negative organ proximate; and that by certain manipulations during the mesmeric state, these organs may be stimulated into activity singly or combined, and thus caused to manifest the corresponding faculty by thought, word, and action. They do not deny the correctness of the outlines as given by former phrenologists; on the contrary, they bear positive testimony to their general correctness. However, they subdivide each of the former faculties, which we may designate the pure faculties, into groups of distinct organs, for the specific manifestation of special faculties, the tendencies to which were naturally included in the simple or primitive general organ; and they allege they can thus give such a special or characteristic direction to the feeling as to entitle it to be considered as the manifestation of a distinct organ or faculty.

It occurs to me, that this might be much simplified, by considering, that on the central point of the general organs, we stimulate fasciculi of nerves connected with a general manifestation, for example, benevolence; but that, as we approach the surrounding organs, we partially excite proximate faculties, from some of their corresponding peripheral sentient nerves co-mingling with those of the other faculty, and thus engender a mixed manifestation; just as we find the intercourse between neighbouring countries modifies the national character which peculiarly belongs to each nation. thus, in one direction, benevolence (by which I illustrate my position) will be blended with comparison, or excited through the influence of association respecting some one we have known, or from supposing what might be our feelings were we placed in such and such circumstances; in another direction, it will be influenced more or less by the tendency to imitate the benevolent acts of others, and, as we approach veneration, it will partake more of a religious and moral obligation in reference to the Deity. If I am right in this conjecture, of course there will be every possible shade of manifestation as we approach nearer to the adjoining organ. I am not acquainted with the mapping of the head either by La Roy Sunderland or Mr Hall; but, if the original compartments are to be so divided and subdivided, according to the mere varieties of manifestation during the hypnotic state, I feel assured, that each of their subdivisions may be again divided, as a shade of difference will be manifested by every possible change in the point of contact.

I had much pleasure in witnessing Mr Hall's experiments, and bore public testimony to the reality of the general phenomena. This I could have done from the mere circumstance of carefully watching the peculiar expression of countenance, and state of the respiration, induced by every move of the point of contact. The shades of difference were so minute that collusion was all but impossible. Moreover, I had personal experience of the reality of the leading phenomena in a number of my own patients, with parties who know nothing of phrenology, and whose respectability and known character placed them above the possibility of being suspected as acting a part, either for the purpose of gratifying or deceiving others. Whilst I readily bear testimony to the reality of the phenomena, and I saw nothing in Mr Hall to lead me to suppose he wished to deceive any one, it is due to the cause of truth for me to state, that the varieties which I observed in his phenomena and those occurring in my own patients, I consider were the mere results of the different manipulations used, and not of any such special influence as he and other animal magnetizers allege.

In reference to the phenomena which were designated "cross-magnetizing", and which appeared most distressing to the patients, as well as to the operator, (fortunately no such effects have occurred in my patients,) I think they may be explained thus: it seems probably, part may be the result of imagination, or an accidental circumstance exciting the opposing classes of muscles into action at the same time. This may also be caused by exciting two antagonistic emotions, such as on e requiring the energetic action of the muscles of inspiration, and the other the muscles of expiration, the consequence of which is, very speedily to throw the patient into a state of partial asphyxia; and the result must be, a great difficulty in restoring the patient from the deleterious influence of insufficiently decarbonated blood circulating through the brain. Such I consider was the case with the patient I saw create so much trouble to Mr Hall on the evening of the 24th February, 1843, in the lecture-room oft the Athenaeum, Manchester.

Having heard Mr hall state, that patients who had stolen any thing would always seek out the persons from whom it had been taken, and restore it to them after conscientiousness as excited, and that they would find out the rightful owner, whatever part of the room he had removed to, I was curious to prove this. My first object was to ascertain whether it as a fact, which I very soon did with my own patients, and my next objective was to ascertain by what means they accomplished this, and I readily determined it was by means of smell and touch. The first thing they did, on rousing conscientiousness, was to look thoughtful, then they began sniffing, and traced out the parties robbed, and restored it to them. When asked, what are you doing? the answer was, "I am giving back something which I had stolen." On being asked, how do you know the person? (having gone to the opposite side of the room,) the answer was, "I smell them, or him." Every time the experiment was tried, the result was the same and the answer the same, as was obvious to every one in the room. Another patient di the same when the sense of smell was acute, but when I tired the experiment with the sense of smell dulled, the stolen article was merely laid down, without giving it to the proper person. There was thus both positive and negative proof of exalted smell being the cause of them restoring to the proper party; and feeling directs them as to place. I have found this done with the same promptitude and certainty when six, eight, or twelve faculties had been roused and manifested before conscientiousness was excited. I have found this same in all I have tried, only some will throw the article down as if horrorstruck.

The movement of the jaws also, and various other movements in imitation of the operator, I have ascertained arise from their remarkable power of hearing extremely faint sounds, and the most curious point is this, that they seem to have the power of discerning such faint sounds, when they seem not to be affected by very loud sounds. It is also the same with feeling. They will in some states be insensible to pricking, pinching, or maiming, but so highly sensible to a breath of air, or the tickling of a feather, that they may be instantly roused by the latter means, when the former would have no such influence. Probably this is the cause of the remarkable effects of a current of air, its rousing cutaneous sensibility, directing the nervous influences to the skin, and withdrawing it from rigid muscles, thus reducing the cataleptiform state, and permitting the blood and vis nervosa to flow in their usual manner. The latter change being induced gradually, may probably be the cause of the feeling which is described as that of needles and pins running into the extremities, and producing a twitching, when gently pressing on the extremity with the finger, &c. as already noticed.

In concluding this chapter, I am well aware the statements it contains must appear startling, and almost beyond belief, to many of my readers. Some may be disposed to think I have been deceived; and because many of the manifestations might be simulated, I know it has been alleged, that the patients of those who have been exhibited publicly, were wither deceiving the operator, or that both patients and operators were engaged in a shameful system of collusion. In respect to my own patients, I have endeavoured to take every possible precaution that they should not deceive me, and with this view have invited the most sceptical persons I know, both in the profession and out of it, to have it rigorously tested, and the result has been my entire conviction as tot the reality of the phenomena in my own patients, and I am ready to believe others to be as candid as myself. Because much might be simulated, and parties have been avowedly trained and exhibited to prove the dexterity of teachers and pupils in a system of avowed collusion, that it might thereby be inferred the patients exhibited by other lecturers were impostors, is a most illogical mode of deciding such a question. there ought to be positive proof of the justice of such imputation, before so assailing any one, when there is so much proof to the contrary, as has been furnished by the concurrent testimony of so many experimenters who have met with such susceptible subjects. Surely it would not be fair to infer, that because some are trained as dexterous thieves, there can, therefore, be no such thing as an honest man in the world?

The question to be decided here is not what patients can be trained to do in violation to nature's laws; that is, by giving them some stronger motive of action, by artificial means, than the impulse arising from natural feeling. What might be achieved in this way I know not, as I have not tried such experiments connected with this branch of the subject. It is well known, however, that so long ago as December, 1841, I particularly pointed out the remarkable docility of patients during Hypnotism, which made them most anxious to comply with every proper request of supposed wish of others. I have, therefore, no more doubt that they might be trained to manifest, during Hypnotism, opposite tendencies, in accordance with conventional arrangements, than that during their waking moments they could be taught to do so, and thus call black white and white black, night day and day night, and such like, in respect to every custom, word, or action. The proper question to be determined seems to me to be this, - Can the passions, and emotions, and intellectual faculties, be excited during Hypnotism simply by contact or friction over certain sympathetic points of the head and face, without previous knowledge of phrenology, training, or whispering, or such leading questions as must naturally excite in the mind such passions, emotions, or mental and bodily manifestations? My own experience warrants me to answer in the affirmative, and I shall give a few additional cases in illustration of the data from which I have come to this conclusion. Two patients, healthy, strong servant girls, entirely ignorant of phrenology, neither of whom has ever seen an experiment, and one was so sceptical, as to wish to try and convince me she could not be hypnotized at all, were operated on separately. At first trial, I succeeded in hypnotizing both, and in developing a great number of the leading organs, such as the desire to eat, benevolence, friendship, pity, attachment, self-esteem, love of approbation, imitation, (when they readily spoke five languages correctly,) stealing under acquisitiveness, and under conscientiousness restoring to the proper person and place what was stolen; eventuality most remarkable: this was tried twice or thrice in each, when they could tell correctly the events of the previous day while the organ was excited, whereas they could not tell a single circumstance before it was stimulated; and a number of others, such as forms, figures, and colours, by exciting the corresponding points. These experiments were tried before several friends, who were astonished with the result, several of the most remarkable manifestations being evinced without a single word being spoken by any one. They were not tried at the same time, and neither saw nor know of the other. Mr. T., a gentleman of 45 years of age, who was ignorant of phrenology, and had never seen a hypnotic experiment, was hypnotized without expecting any experiment of the kind to be tried. On touching "benevolence" the manifestation was so powerful as to compel me quickly to desist; "self-esteem", very decidedly; "ideality", very decided, combined with "tune and language", he sang when the latter were pressed on, but instantly stopped when the pressure was removed, and resumed as readily on renewing the contact, exactly at the same note and word where he left off. Also the usual spectra when the region of the orbit as pressed on. When aroused, he was quite unconscious of all which had happened. He has been tried three times, with the same results, only that additional manifestations came out. His friends, who were present, can testify he had no signal given to lead him to do so. His wife, also, who had never seen any thing of the kind before, was operated on, when a great many manifestations came out most decidedly. Their daughter, who had seen nothing of this, was now called into the room, and operated on, and exhibited a great many manifestations, and all this by the mere effect of pressure and gentle friction on the integuments. None of the three remembered any of what had happened. W.T. a boy, had been magnetized, and exhibited a few manifestations. He was again tried in public, but without success. I was requested to try him, when a number of manifestations came out at once beautifully - under benevolence, he took off his coat to give to some distressed person, and after a number of other manifestations had been educed, on being awakened he seemed very much surprised to find his coat off. John W., 22 years of age, had been magnetized publicly, with the hope of eliciting the phrenological manifestations, but he became so stolid that it was quite a failure. I was afterwards requested to try him, in my way, in the presence of a number of gentlemen, when I at once succeeded in exciting several; pity was so characteristic, that there could be no difficulty or doubt upon the subject, as it was not only exhibited by his features and sobbing, but by the tears which ran over his face in torrents. On trying to excite imitation, on the right side, no effect was produced, which I suspected to be the result of an injury he had sustained, which had destroyed the integuments, and also caused exfoliation of the outer table of the skull. I therefore tried in the opposite side of the cranium, when the faculty was manifested beautifully. This seems a good corroboration of my theory, that it arises from the peculiar condition of the nerves of the scalp. On farther trials many more came out without any cause beyond simple excitation of the integuments by pressure and friction. Not only may such general manifestations be thus excited, but, what is far more curious, by exciting antagonist points in the opposite hemispheres of the brain, the patients may be made to exhibit correspondingly opposite feelings in the different sided of the body. If the antagonist faculties are excited on the same side, there will be exhibited only the stronger of the two. These "opposite influences on the two sides", as Dr Elliotson has well remarked, "are the most astonishing and beautiful experiments that all physiology affords"; and are also the most beautiful examples of the correctness of Mr Mayo's fifteenth aphorism, at page 28 of his Nervous System and its Functions, where he says, "Each lateral half of a vertebral animal is separately vitalized. Or the preservation of consciousness in one half is independent of its preservation in the other." It is true that vivisections have proved this, but neither so beautifully or humanely as in the experiments I now refer to, and those already recorded at page 63 of this treatise. Miss S., a lady who had never seen a phreno-hypnotic experiment, and knew nothing of phrenology, exhibited at first trial a great number of the leading manifestation, and at a second and third, these opposite ones in a remarkable manner. Under friendship and adhesiveness, she embraced a female friend in the most affectionate manner, and on destructiveness being excited on the opposite side of the head, she rushed forward with great impetuosity to repel some imaginary adversary, whilst, with her other arm and hand, she contrived to shield her friend. Had I not laid hold of her, she would most certainly have rushed through the window. On being roused she was quite oblivious of all she had done. Mrs C. another equally ignorant of the subject, displayed the same phenomena. The effect of music in exciting to ecstasy, elegance of movement, and graceful dancing, was most remarkable. Remembered nothing. Miss -----, entirely ignorant of the subject, and had never seen an experiment of the kind, and expecting only to be attempted to be hypnotized, but whilst she wished to be tried, she had expressed to the friend who introduced her, that she could not be made to sleep. She exhibited veneration solemnly, with hope, glowing devotion, and with ideality and language, overwhelming ecstasy, expression her happiness and prospect of entering into heaven; "self-esteem", the most conceited prude; "firmness" most decided; "adhesiveness and friend ship", and this on one side, and "combativeness and destructiveness" on the other at pleasure; "imitation" in perfection, speaking correctly every language tried, "benevolence" extremely marked, to the effusion of tears; "acquisitiveness, conscientiousness, eventuality, the desire to eat , to smell, spectra," &c. &c. She was quite unconscious of all that had happened, and the friend who brought her to me knows she had no prompting. She has been tried once since with the same results.

Some parties, who were excellent critics, after seeing the latter and two others operated on, and expressing their utter astonishment with the accurate and natural manner in which every passion and emotion was manifested, expressed a strong desire to see some one operated on for the first time. I offered to operate on any of three young ladies whom they had introduced to me that afternoon, and whom I had not know previously; indeed, one was a stranger in town, from the south of England, who knew nothing of hypnotism or phrenology, and had no faith in either, notwithstanding what she had just seen. She, Miss S., sat down an entire sceptic, but in a few minutes was not only most decidedly hypnotized, but also one of the most beautiful and decided examples which could possibly have been met with of the phrenological sway during hypnotism, simply by stimulating stimulating the nerves of the scalp and face. The moment "veneration" was touched, her features assumed the peculiar expression of that feeling, the hands were clasped, she sank on her knees in the attitude of the most devout adoration; combined with "hope," the features were illuminated, and beamed with a feeling of ecstasy, the hands being unclasped and moved about in the utmost delight; and when "ideality" was added, the ecstasy was so extreme as scarcely to be supportable. On changing the point of contact to "firmness," she instantly arose, and stood with an attitude of defiance; "self-esteem," flounced about with the utmost self-importance; the "love of approbation" was painted to the greatest perfection; "irritation" imitated accurately every thing done or spoken in any language; "friendship and adhesiveness," clasped hold of me; and by stimulating "combativeness" on the opposite side of the head, along with the other, she struck out with the arm of the side on which combativeness had been touched, but held me fast, as it to protect me, with the other. Under "benevolence," she seemed much affected, and distributed her property to the imaginary distressed objects her fancy had painted; under "acquisitiveness" she stole, and under "conscientiousness" she restored; "tune," the desire for music, and sang beautifully, a waltz being played, she danced with a grace and elegance surpassing all which any of us ever witnessed. Eventuality was also most remarkable; the desire to eat, to smell, was also excited; also form, figures, colours, &c.; philoprogenitiveness admirable. All this was done at first trial, with an entire stranger, and the lady's immediate friends, as well as others present, can bear testimony that there was not the slightest prompting either by one or other, and when awakened she was quite unconscious of all which had happened. This lady has been twice operated on since, when all these manifestations, and many others, were exhibited in the most perfect manner, as can be certified by Sir Thomas Arbuthnot, Major Wilbraham, Colonel Wemyss, the Rev. Mr P., and another high dignitary of the church, and the patient's family and friends; and that when under "number" she wrote down a sum, and under "constructiveness and ideality," she drew a very good sketch of a cottage, putting in doors and windows correctly. The uncle of the latter subject was so much astonished and gratified with what he had seen, that he begged I would try one of his daughters. I hypnotized the eldest, and all the manifestations came out quite as decidedly as in her cousin. Under "adhesiveness and friendship," she clasped me, and on stimulating the organ of "combativeness" on the opposite side of the head, with the arm of that side she struck two gentlemen (whom she imagined were about to attack me), in such a manner as nearly laid one on the floor, whilst with the other arm she held me in the most friendly manner. Under "benevolence," she seemed quite overwhelmed with compassion; "acquisitiveness," stole greedily all she could lay her hands on, which was retained, whilst I excited many other manifestations, but the moment my fingers touched "conscientiousness," she threw all she had stolen on the floor, as if horror-stricken, and burst into a flood of tears; on being asked, Why do you cry, she said, with the utmost agony, "I have done done what was wrong, I have done what was wrong." I now excited "imitation and ideality," and had her laughing and dancing in an instant. On exciting form and ideality, she seemed alarmed, and when asked what she saw, she answered, "The D---l". What colour is he? "Black." On pressing the eyebrow, and repeating the question, the answer was, "red," and the whole body instantly became rigid, and the face the most complete picture of horror which could be imagined. "Destructiveness," which is largely developed, being touched, she struck her father such a blow on the chest as nearly laid him on the floor, had I not endeavoured to restrain her, he must have sustained serious injury, Having now excited veneration, hope, ideality, and language, we had the most striking example imaginable of extreme ecstasy, and on being aroused, she was quite unconscious of all that had happened, excepting that she had heard music, and had been dancing, Her philoprogenitiveness was admirable. [Footnote: There were a dozen present on this occasion, of whom Mr Vandenhoff was one. Being well known as an accomplished artist, I requested him to watch all he saw with the most critical attention, and to tell me whether the passions were painted naturally or the contrary. After witnessing the first case with evident delight and surprise, he made the following observation,- "If this is acting, it is the most perfect acting I have ever seen. In acting, we aim at being natural, but there is generally some point in which we fail; but here I see nature's language in every point." Similar expressions followed, in what was seen in the next two cases, and when he witnessed the effects on the two ladies, whose cases have just been recorded, he confessed himself so overpowered, as to be scarcely capable of expressing his feelings of delight and astonishment, but said he should write me on the subject. The following is part of a letter I received from him two days after,- "I thank you for your kind invitation to witness a repetition of those experiments which so much delighted me on Saturday last, and with the result of which I was no less gratified than astonished. Never have I seen nature manifesting herself more distinctly - never so beautifully, as in the course of the exhibition on that evening. I believe you know I was a decided sceptic in the mesmeric influence - and I was something more in relation to its phrenological sway - of which the manifestations while under its mysterious influence, by the two young ladies of my own immediate acquaintance, who had not, who could not have had, any knowledge of the subject prior to their experience on that evening, have perfectly convinced me by their truthfulness. I may take a farther opportunity to dilate more fully upon this interesting and wonderful discovery, the beneficial results of which cannot yet be appreciated, because we know not to what extent they may be carried out."]

At a conversazione a few days after, in the presence of Lady S., Sir Thomas Arbuthnot, Colonel Arbuthnot, Major Wilbraham, John Frederick Foster, Esq. Chairman of the Quarter Sessions, D. Maude, Esq, stipendiary magistrate, and many others, both gentlemen and ladies, after exhibiting the phenomena on those who had been previously tested, there was a wish expressed to see some one operated on for the first time. I offered to try any one present, and a lady at length consented, whom I never saw before that day, nor since. She exhibited all the usual phenomena very decidedly. Under "acquisitiveness," she stole two handkerchiefs from ladies, and a ring from Mr Foster's finger. After several manifestations had been exhibited, the moment I touched "conscientiousness," she seemed distressed, and set off and searched out the proper parties to whom to restore the respective articles. 'They had changed places, but she found them out, and gave back the handkerchiefs to their owners, and also put the ring on the very finger of Mr Foster from which she had taken it. She was a strict methodist, who had never danced in her life, and who, if awake, would have considered it a sin to dance. However, under the excitement of suitable music, she cut a very good figure at waltzing. When awakened, she remembered nothing of all which had happened. Miss L., a lady of twenty-one years of age, very accomplished, and with great energy of mind, braved me to try to hypnotize her. She felt assured I could not do so. However, she was very soon under the influence, and gave twenty manifestations in the most decided manner. Under friendship and adhesiveness, and destructiveness on the opposite side, she protected me, and struck her own mother. She knew only one organ, and was inclined to scoff at hypnotism and still more so at phreno-hypnotism. Under form and ideality she wrote very nicely, without the use of her eyes, but by no means equal to what she does when awake. When awakened she seemed surprised when told what had happened. She remembered me touching her head, wondered what I was doing it for, said she felt different impulses arise when I was manipulating different parts, but did not know why, nor could she remember what she had done. A married lady, Mrs E., and the mother of a family, would not believe any one could be so affected. After seeing one patient done, she still felt assured she, at least, could not be so operated on. I desired her to try, and she at once exhibited upwards of twenty manifestations in the most distinct manner, some of them very strikingly. Under benevolence she shed tears, drew out her purse, and gave half-a-crown "to the poor creatures." She also exhibited the opposite tendencies at the same time, as already described. Miss R., a young lady of 22 years of age, very well educated, and intelligent, wished to be tried, because she was decidedly sceptical. It so happened that every manifestation tried came out beautifully and prominently, although, when aroused, she admitted she remembered every thing she had done, and added, that she had resisted to the utmost of her power doing any thing, but felt irresistible impulses come over her to act in the way she did, as I touched certain points, but why it was she could not tell. Declared it was not from any association with what ought to be the case, as she was ignorant of the organs, but added, that she first felt a drawing in the muscles of the face, and then the breathing became affected, and with this the peculiar impulse followed. On another occasion, with the eves bandaged, she had a pencil put in her right hand, when a number of organs were excited, but she showed no evidence of any desire to use the pencil till "constructiveness and ideality" were excited. The moment this was done, however, she scrambled till she got some paper, and began drawing, and made a very tolerable profile. When "acquisitiveness" was excited, she stole a ring off Mr Foster's finger, who, while I was exciting various manifestations, left the room. The moment I touched "conscientiousness," she set off in search of Mr Foster, walked round the room the very way he went, then left that room, crossed the lobby into the front parlour, and having made a gyration in this room she came out and went into a back parlour, where she found Mr Foster, and put the ring on the very finger from whence she took it. She evidently traced him through the air by smell, as she followed the exact track he had taken, for he had first gone into the front parlour. Had it been by clairvoyance, she of course ought to have gone to him direct, and by the shortest way. Such facts are almost past belief, but here they are as they happened, and there could not have been more competent. individuals, than those present, to detect any mistake or deception, namely, Mr Foster, Mr Brandt, and Mr Lloyd, barristers; Mr Langton, Mr Bagshaw, Mr Schwabe, and many others, both gentlemen and ladies. Miss W., a very intelligent lady, who knew nothing of phrenology, and had never seen a phreno-hypnotic experiment, was operated on. On "benevolence" being excited, she seemed very distressed, and when asked what she was thinking of, said it was of a poor man who had lost his saw and hammer, that he had no money to purchase others with, and his children were starving. Under "veneration and ideality," wished to die, to go to heaven; under combativeness, first looked very angry, then jumped up and gave a blow, which upset the candlestick. On "destructiveness" being excited, (after she had exhibited several other organs,) she shook her fist, then started on her feet, looked furious, and sprang across the room, her arm at full length, similar to a person fencing, and seized hold of a young lady's hand, and nearly transfixed it with her nails. Mr Walker, twenty-two years of age, after passing into the hypnotic state, shewed no symptoms of susceptibility for some time, but at length he did so in the most perfect manner; namely, benevolence, veneration, firmness, self-esteem, combativeness, destructiveness, acquisitiveness, caution, conscientiousness, imitation in perfection, pity, benevolence with the one side, and destructiveness on the other, eventuality, smell, form, colours, number, ideality, &c. This gentleman has seen busts and phreno-hypnotic experiments also, but, excepting two or three, would be puzzled to point out any of the organs correctly when awake. He remembered nothing of what had passed. Being desirous of ascertaining whether he might not, during hypnotism, remember the organs better than whilst awake, and thus be led to give the manifestations in the manner he did, I tried the following experiment. I explained my intentions to the friends who were to be present, but he was entirely ignorant of them. He had never seen or heard of such experiment having been tried. When I considered him in the proper condition, I requested him to place the point of a finger on different organs, but it was remarkable that he was wrong in every instance, even with respect to the few he knew when awake. Another most interesting fact was discovered, that whilst his mind was directed to the organ I had named, the true manifestation of the point touched came out in every instance. Thus, when requested to point out ideality, he placed the finger over "veneration," and immediately indicated that feeling. When asked what he was thinking about? "I did not go to church yesterday." What of that? "It was wrong." When he accidentally pressed on benevolence, the feeling was manifested; firmness in like manner; self-esteem in a powerful degree. On evincing symptoms of uneasiness, I asked what he was thinking of ? he replied, "something hurts my head." The fact was, his arm had become cataleptiform and the points of the fingers were pressed so strongly against the scalp as to be the cause of complaint, but he had no idea of that. His hand having rested on philoprogenitiveness, he began to hush and rock on his chair as if nursing a baby, his motion became more and more violent till I judged it necessary to put a stop to it, by removing his hand. However, I found his arm and neck had both become so rigid, that they were too firmly fixed to permit of being separated by mechanical force, but so soon as this was reduced, by blowing on them, the peculiar manifestation ceased. Every point pressed on by him shewed the same tendency to excite its peculiar manifestation. I am quite certain this gentleman acted a candid part, and could not be induced to do otherwise by any one.

Another most interesting fact connected with the latter case, was the circumstance of his having hypnotized himself, excited the different manifestations as stated; and on being requested to rub his eyes, he did so, and thus roused himself from the hypnotic condition. I have tried similar experiments with many other patients, and, with the exception of two, each of whom hit upon one organ, have found none of them could point accurately to the organ named, but in every instance the usual indication of the peculiar organ touched came out. None of these subjects remembered any thing of what had happened. Here, then, we have decided proof, that all the phenomena of hypnotizing, exciting the phrenological manifestations, and rousing to the waking condition may be accomplished by the personal acts of the patient on himself, as the only influence required to excite him to the necessary movement might be conveyed by an automaton.

A few days ago, one of these patients, who knows no foreign language, when imitation and tune were excited, followed correctly both the music and words of Italian, French, and German songs, which she never heard till they were played and sung by the wife of a learned barrister, who was also present himself, and who, with the Rev. Mr F. and his lady, can bear testimony to the great accuracy of her performance. Such is the power of Hypnotism. Besides the twenty-five cases here briefly recorded, I have had many more exhibiting the phenomena in the same decided manner, simply by exciting the Sympathetic points by contact. If I am to believe the evidence of my senses, therefore, in any thing, I cannot see how I can doubt the relation which subsists between certain points of the cranium, and the mental manifestations, which are excited by acting on them during Hypnotism. I believe there are very few physiological phenomena which can be more clearly demonstrated, especially at such an early stage of their investigation. Were it not that I consider it would only be an unnecessary waste of time to prosecute the investigation farther, after the number of most unequivocal cases which have been met with by myself, as well as by other experimentalists here and elsewhere, I feel convinced I might soon increase the number of my own cases to any extent I chose.

With all intelligent and honest experimentalists I anticipate similar results to what happened with Mr Ebbage, an intelligent surgeon at Leamington. He had been a determined sceptic, and had much annoyed several of our mutual friends by his strong expressions to that effect, However, whilst on a visit at Manchester lately, at our first interview, I made a convert of him by offering to exhibit the phenomena in his own wife, who had never been so operated on, or even tried the experiment. She soon became decidedly hypnotized, and also exhibited several phrenological manifestations most distinctly. A servant of the family was now called into the room, who had seen no operation of the kind, and did not know what was to be done. She also became decidedly hypnotized, and exhibited several phrenological manifestations most, distinctly. Mr E. now admitted that rational scepticism could not resist such conclusive evidence; and having seen another case or two at my house, of remarkably susceptible subjects, with instructions from me how to operate, be promised to prosecute the inquiry on his return home.

In a letter to me, dated lst May, 1843, he writes that he had tried the experiments with several; that in some he was unsuccessful, while "in others a perfect state of sleep and unconsciousness was produced at different periods, varying from two to ten minutes. In the case of one lady, who had never seen any thing of the kind before, and, I may add, had not even heard it spoken of as connected with any phrenological developments, the most marked effects were soon produced, resembling very strongly the case you shewed me when I was at your house." He farther adds the following judicious remarks:- "I must say the peculiar development shewn by the influence of this sleep, if closely and scrutinizingly watched, must open to the mind of any thinking man a wide expanse for speculation as to the truly mysterious means by which the effects of sensation and emotion can be produced."

The above is a good illustration of what may be done, even by a determined but honest sceptic. Mr E. had only two interviews with me; and if any one should be less successful in his attempts, it behoves him to inquire, whether his failures are not to be attributed to his unskilful or uncandid performance of the experiments, rather than to inefficiency of the method recommended.

As to those who will not believe the testimony of others without seeing the experiments tried before themselves, on fresh patients, I beg to remark, that the best plan is for them to try patients fairly themselves, and they must soon be convinced; only they must be careful to take them at the proper time, otherwise they may fail as I did myself at first.

The following is the mode of operating:- Put the patient into the hypnotic condition in the usual way, extend his arms for a minute or two, then replace them gently on his lap, and allow him to remain perfectly quiet for a few minutes. Let the points of one or two fingers be now placed on the central point of any of his best developed organs, and press it very gently; if no change of countenance or bodily movement is evinced, use gentle friction, and then in a soft voice ask what he is thinking of, what he would like, or wish to do, or what he sees, as the function of the organ may indicate; and repeat the questions and the pressure, or contact, or friction, over the organ till an answer is elicited. If very stolid, gentle pressure on the eyeballs may be necessary to induce him to speak. If the skin is too sensitive, he may awake, in which case try again, waiting a little longer; if too stolid, try again beginning the manipulations sooner.

The operations should be tried again and again with the same patient, varying the time of beginning the manipulations, as it is impossible to tell, a priori, the exact moment they should be commenced; and many of the best cases have only succeeded partially, or not at all, at a first or second trial. When this point has been hit upon, however, there will be little difficulty in getting out additional manifestations, and this will be still more evident at each succeeding trial. Whispering or talking should be carefully avoided by all present, so as to leave nature to manifest herself in her own way, influenced only by the stimulus conveyed through the nerves of touch exciting to automatic muscular action. We all know that during common sleep a person unconsciously changes from an uncomfortable position to one which is agreeable. This is a sort of instinctive action, and, as already explained, I think it highly probable, that by thus calling into action muscles which are naturally so exerted in manifesting any given emotion or propensity, they may, by reflection, thereby rouse that portion of the brain, the activity of which usually excites the motion. In this case there would be a sort of inversion of the ordinary sequence, what is naturally the consequence becoming the cause of cerebral and mental excitation. The following hypothesis will illustrate my meaning. It is easy to imagine, that putting a pen or pencil into the hand might excite in the mind the idea of writing or drawing or that stimulating the gastrochnemius, which raises us on our toes, might naturally enough suggest to the mind the idea of dancing, without any other suggestion to that effect than what arises from the attitude and activity of the muscles naturally and necessarily brought into play whilst exercising such functions. However, I would very much doubt the probability of stimulating the muscles of the leg exciting the idea of writing, or that placing a pen or pencil in the hand would excite the idea. of dancing, without previous concert and arrangement to that effect. It is upon the same principle, as I imagine, that, during the dreamy state of hypnotism by stimulating the sterno-mastoid muscle, which causes an inclination of the heart, the idea of friendship and shaking of hands is excited in the mind, and when the trapizus is excited at same time, the greater lateral inclination of the head manifests still greater attachment, or "adhesiveness." Philoprogenitiveness, by calling into action the recti and occipito frontalis muscles, gives the rocking motion, and hence the idea of nursing, &c.; pressure on the vertex, by calling into action all the muscles requisite to sustain the body in the erect position, excites the idea of unyielding firmness; veneration and benevolence, from giving the tendency to stoop and suppress the breathing, thus create the corresponding feelings. By exciting the muscles of mastication into action, the idea of eating and drinking is roused, and the same may arise from pressing between the chin and under lip, which excites a flow of saliva, and this again the motion of the tongue and jaws, with an inclination to swallow. In like manner, gently pressing the tip of the nose, by exciting inspiration, creates the desire for something to smell at; if the point of contact is the cheek, under the orbits, over the exit of the infra-orbital branch of the fifth pair, the breathing becomes suppressed, and depressing emotions are excited; whereas, above the orbit, so as to stimulate the supra-orbital branch of the fifth pair, generally the reverse manifestations are evinced.

Those familiar with Professor Weber's experiments, know that each of those points differs from the other in its degree of sensibility. It is remarkable that the point marked "eventuality," (and which I have strong grounds for believing is the chief seat of